Foreign object detection in inductive power transfer field

ABSTRACT

A method for determining the presence of a foreign object in an inductive power transfer field in which control circuitry of an inductive power system performs the steps of: providing power to a direct current to alternating current converter; providing power from the converter to a transmitter coil in the inductive power transfer field; waiting for the current in the transmitter coil to stabilize; estimating the reactive power in the transmitter coil; estimating the real power in the transmitter coil; and using the estimated reactive power and estimated real power to determine whether a foreign object is present.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is in the field of inductive power transfersystems. More particularly, although not exclusively, the inventionrelates to a method and system for detecting foreign objects present onan inductive power transfer surface and in particular to foreign objectslocated between an inductive power transfer surface and a receiver.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Inductive power transfer systems are used to wirelessly provide powerfrom a transmitter device to a receiver. This technology is now beingused in wireless charging pads for handheld devices. Typically, aprimary side or transmitter generates a time-varying magnetic field witha transmitting coil or coils. This magnetic field induces an alternatingcurrent in a suitable receiving coil or coils that can then be used tocharge a battery, or power a device or other load. In some instances,the transmitter coil(s) or the receiver coil(s) may be connected tocapacitors to create a resonant circuit, which can increase powerthroughput or efficiency at the corresponding resonant frequency.

A common problem with inductive power transfer systems is controllingwhen the transmitter should be powered and when the transmitter shouldbe switched off. A further problem arises when a non-receiver (a foreignobject) is brought into the range of the transmitter, and an unwantedcurrent (and therefore heat) is induced therein. These non-receivers aretypically known as parasitic loads. Further, a conducting foreign objectmay be located between the transmitter and a compatible receiver.Transmitting in this instance may result in damage to the transmitterand/or receiver.

Automatic systems for the detection of foreign objects have beendescribed in the conventional art. For example:

-   -   systems that rely on an additional coil in the transmitter side        for foreign object detection    -   systems that use a detection circuit to detect a higher harmonic        of the transmitter coil frequency    -   systems incorporated into a receiver

Many of the systems for foreign object detection rely on additionaldetection circuitry. The drawback of this is that it adds cost and bulkto inductive power transfer systems. Many of the systems for foreignobject detection also rely on power transfer occurring in a resonantcircuit and may not be effective in non-resonant power transfer.Receiver based systems rely on every possible receiver being equippedfor foreign object detection. Further receiver based systems can onlydetect foreign objects between a transmitter and the receiver.

It is an object of the invention to provide an improved or alternativemethod and system for foreign object detection in an inductive powertransfer field, or to at least provide the public with a useful choice.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one exemplary embodiment there is provided a method fordetermining the presence of a foreign object in an inductive powertransfer field in which control circuitry of an inductive power systemperforms the steps of: providing power to a direct current toalternating current converter, providing power from the converter to atransmitter coil in the inductive power transfer field, waiting for thecurrent in the transmitter coil to stabilize, estimating the reactivepower in the transmitter coil, estimating the real power in thetransmitter coil, and using the estimated reactive power and estimatedreal power to determine whether a foreign object is present.

According to another exemplary embodiment there is provided an inductivepower transfer device comprising: a converter adapted to be electricallyconnected to a power supply and adapted to output alternating current toa transmitter coil, a controller for controlling the frequency of theconverter output alternating current, at least one transmitter coiladapted to receive alternating current from the converter and furtheradapted to generate a time-varying magnetic field with predeterminedfrequency and strength, at least one sensor adapted to sense features ofthe inductive power transfer device voltage and current from whichestimates of real and reactive power though the transmitter coil can bemade and provide sensor output to the controller, said controllerconfigured to: control the supply of power to the transmitter coil,receive signals from the sensor as to current flow through thetransmitter coil, determine when the current in the transmitter coil hasreached a steady state condition, receive sensor output from the sensorof features of the inductive power transfer device voltage and current,estimate the real and reactive power in the transmitter coil from thesensor output received from the sensor, and determine whether a foreignobject is present based on the estimated real and reactive power.

It is acknowledged that the terms “comprise”, “comprises” and“comprising” may, under varying jurisdictions, be attributed with eitheran exclusive or an inclusive meaning. For the purpose of thisspecification, and unless otherwise noted, these terms are intended tohave an inclusive meaning—i.e. they will be taken to mean an inclusionof the listed components which the use directly references, and possiblyalso of other non-specified components or elements.

Reference to any prior art in this specification does not constitute anadmission that such prior art forms part of the common generalknowledge.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings which are incorporated in and constitute partof the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and,together with the general description of the invention given above, andthe detailed description of embodiments given below, serve to explainthe principles of the invention.

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an inductive power transfer system;

FIG. 2 shows the resulting shapes of four frequency sweeps with andwithout a foreign object and/or a receiver present; and

FIG. 3 shows the results gained when the centre of the shapes B, C and Ddepicted in FIG. 2, weighted by the total area of the respective shapes,are plotted.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention relate to method for detecting oridentifying a foreign object in an inductive power transfer system. FIG.1 is a block diagram shown a general representation of an inductivepower transfer system 1. The inductive power transfer system includes atransmitter 2 and a receiver 3. The transmitter includes a DC-ACconverter 4 that is electrically connected to an appropriate powersupply 5, such as Mains power. In FIG. 1 this is shown as converter 4being connected to a DC-DC converter 6 that is in turn connected to theDC power supply 5. The converter 4 may be a non-resonant half bridgeconverter or other converter adapted for the particular inductive powertransfer system, such as a push-pull converter. The converter 4 isconfigured to output an alternating current of desired frequency andamplitude to one or more transmitting inductors 7. The voltage of theoutput of the converter may also be regulated by the converter 4, theDC-DC converter or combination of both.

The transmitting inductor(s) 7 may be a suitable configuration of one ormore coils or other electrically reactive components which provide aninductance, depending on the characteristics of the magnetic field thatare required in a particular application and the particular geometry ofthe transmitter. In some inductive power transfer system, thetransmitting inductors may be connected to reactive components, such ascapacitors, (not shown) to create a resonant circuit. The transmittingcoil(s) receive alternating current from the converter 4 and generate atime-varying magnetic field. The frequency and strength of the magneticfield are controlled by the controller. Each transmitter coil may beindividually operated.

FIG. 1 also shows control circuitry or a controller 8 of the transmitter2. The controller can be directly or indirectly connected to the variouscomponents (blocks) of the transmitter. The controller receives inputsfrom the connected parts of the transmitter and produces an output thatcontrols the way those parts of the transmitter operate. The controllermay include or have access to electronic storage 9. In preferredembodiments the electronic storage is an on-board memory. The controllermay be a programmable logic controller that is programmed to performdifferent computational tasks depending on the requirements of theinductive power transfer system.

In addition to the features of the inductive power transfer system 1outlined thus far, FIG. 1 further shows representations of sensors 10 aand 10 b for sensing particular operating characteristics of thetransmitter 2. It is understood that the sensors 10 a and 10 b may beconnected to other or different parts of the transmitter than asdepicted, be provided as a single integrated sensor, or as more than twodistributed sensors, depending on the characteristics being sensed. Theinvention is not limited in this respect. In FIG. 1, the sensor 10 a isshown connected to the junction between the DC-DC converter 6 and theDC-AC converter 4, which is appropriate for measuring the currentsupplied to the converters, and the sensor 10 a is shown connected tothe transmitting inductor(s) 7, which is appropriate for measuring thecurrent through, or voltage over, the inductor(s) 7. However, thesensors 10 a and 10 b may be alternatively or additionally adapted tosense the required characteristics elsewhere in the transmitter system.

In embodiments of the invention discussed later sensors for makingdifferent types of measurements are discussed. Those skilled in the artappreciate that there are many possible types of sensors that areadapted for the sensing described and the invention is not limited inthis respect. It will be understood that an appropriate sensor will beused for the sensing depending upon the required functionality.

Returning to FIG. 1, the receiver 3 includes one or more receivinginductors 11 provided as a suitable configuration of one or more coilsor other electrically reactive components which provide an inductance,that are suitably connected to receiver circuitry 12 that in turnsupplies received power to a load 13. The load may be, for example, arechargeable battery. The receiver circuitry converts the inducedcurrent into a form that is appropriate for the load. In some inductivepower transfer systems, the receiving inductors may be connected toreactive components, such as capacitors, (not shown) to create aresonant circuit.

The receiver may also include control circuitry either as part of thereceiver circuitry 12 or as one or more separate components (not shown)for disabling current to flow into the receiver load, effectively“disconnecting” the load from the system 1. This control circuitry mayalso generate a start-up sequence including a time delay prior toenabling current to flow into the load, or wait for a signal from thetransmitter prior to enabling current to flow into the load. Thisfunctionality may be implemented by any suitable means, such as a serieselectronic switching device between the load and the rest of the system.

There will now be described several embodiments of methods for detectingforeign objects in an inductive power transfer field, or for detectingreceivers. Although these methods will be described in relation to theinductive power transfer system 1 described in relation to FIG. 1, itwill be understood that the methods may be adapted to work with anynumber of appropriate inductive power transfer system configurations,and similarly inductive power transfer systems may be adapted to workwith these methods, and the invention is not limited in this respect. Inthis description the following definitions apply: ‘real power’ isdefined as the total average power being dissipated in the system, plusany power flowing into the receiver's load; ‘reactive power’ is definedas the average power that is flowing back and forth between energystorage devices (such as capacitors and inductors) in the system,without being dissipated; and ‘apparent power’ is defined as the productof the root mean square current going into the system and the root meansquare voltage going into the system. In all of these definitions, the“system” is anything after the point at which a measurement is beingmade, e.g., when measurement is at the input of the DC-AC converter,anything that comes before is not included in the “system”.

Further, in this description the following is to be understood. In anon-resonant “hard-driven” inductive power transmitter circuit thevoltage on the transmit coil is substantially a square wave and thecurrent through the coil is substantially a triangular wave. Thedifference between a non-resonant and a resonant inductive powertransmitter circuit, as the terms are commonly used in the field ofinductive power transfer (as opposed to their strict technicaldefinitions), is as follows. A series circuit having a transmitterconductor and a capacitor may be resonant or non-resonant depending onthe values of the inductor and the capacitor, and the driving frequency.In a resonant transmitter circuit, the reactance of the inductor andcapacitor are the same order of magnitude resulting in substantiallysinusoidal waveforms with a variable phase difference. In a non-resonanttransmitter circuit, the reactance of the capacitor is of a lower orderof magnitude than that of the inductor, and the resulting waveformsresemble a square wave (voltage) and a triangular wave (current) with nofixed phase relationship.

Real and Reactive Power: Measurements

FIG. 2 shows the results in curves or shapes (these terms are usedsynonymously and interchangeably herein) A, B, C and D of estimatingreal and reactive power at a plurality of frequencies with and withoutforeign objects present. Prior to obtaining measurements a calibrationvalue for both real and reactive power is stored. The origin of thegraph represents a 0% offset from the calibration value for thatfrequency. If all frequencies measured have the same values as therespective calibration measurements then all the measurement points areat the origin. The x axis is the percentile difference between the realpower and its respective calibration measurement at that frequency. They axis is the percentile difference between the reactive power and itsrespective calibration measurement at that frequency. A plurality ofmeasurements can be made at a plurality of frequencies. Each of the datasets are plotted with their points connected by a curve. Thus everycurve is a data set of measurements at different frequencies. Everypoint in the curve is a measurement at a different frequency, but withthe same placement of objects in the field. The points are connected bya curve in ascending order of frequency. In curve D of FIG. 2, D_(first)and D_(last) represent the lowest and highest measurement frequency forcurve D, respectively.

In FIG. 2:

-   -   curve A shows a data set that may typically be measured when        doing the real and reactive power measurements at a plurality of        frequencies, with no objects whatsoever in the transmitter        field. As expected, the measurements are virtually equal to        their respective calibration values (which is why the points        appear close to 0% displacement from their calibrations on both        axes);    -   curve B is an example of a curve that may be measured when a        receiver is in the transmitter field. In the case observed, the        result is that the reactive power is lower than the calibration        value by various amounts at different frequencies, and the real        power is either lower or higher, depending on the frequency.        These offsets are highly dependent on the specific ferrites,        coil designs and circuits used, their frequency responses and        the exact receiver positioning; and    -   curves C and D are examples of curves that may be measured when        a foreign metal object is positioned between the receiver and        the transmit coil(s).

In these cases, they can be seen to have the same general shape as curveB, but the average real and reactive powers are higher. Also, thedifference in real and reactive powers over frequency may be increased.These differences are highly dependent on the specific ferrites, coildesigns and circuits used, their frequency responses and their exactpositioning—and the material, geometry and positioning of the foreignmetal object as well. Curve D corresponds to a bigger foreign objectthan curve C, resulting in bigger differences in average and sizecompared to curve B, than curve C.

It can clearly be seen from FIG. 2 that the curves for foreign objectsare offset from those for non-foreign objects in both spread size andaverage value. The offset difference is in part dependent on the degreeof overlap of the foreign object on the coil(s), for example, when theforeign object only partially overlaps a coil the difference is reduced.

FIG. 3 shows the results gained when characteristics of the shapes fromFIG. 2 are used for foreign object determination. Using the data setsassociated with these shapes, the averages and sizes of the shapes canbe evaluated. Averages are then the average percentile offset from therespective calibration. Sizes are the difference between maximum andminimum offset from the respective calibration. This is evaluatedseparately for the real and reactive parts so the results are plotted onseparate axes in FIG. 3. The averages are weighted by the sizes. CurvesB, C and D in FIG. 2 are each represented by a single point in FIG. 3 aspoints B, C and D, respectively. These points can then be compared to athreshold determined or pre-set for foreign object detection. The dottedline in FIG. 3 is an example of a threshold that would, in the casepresented, separate the foreign object situations (points C and D) fromthe non-foreign object situation (point B).

This method could also be used for foreign object detection in theabsence of a receiver. Based on these measured relationships andcharacteristics of foreign objects and IPT receivers, differentmeasurement regimes may be used to detect the presence of foreignobjects. Examples of such regimes are now described.

Real and Reactive Power: Average and Peak Current

A transmitter may begin foreign object detection when the presence of apotential receiver is detected. A receiver may be brought into proximitywith the transmitter prior to commencing foreign object detection. Thedetection of the presence of a potential receiver can be performed in anumber of ways, for example, the various methods and systems describedin PCT Publication No. WO 2013/165261, the entire contents of which arehereby incorporated by reference, may be used.

In embodiments of the invention the receiver is configured to commence acharging start-up mode when the receiver detects the presence of atransmitter and prior to being charged by the transmitter. In this modethe receiver runs in a substantially no-load condition, as the receiverkeeps the output load disconnected. In this condition there may still bethe load of the receiver controller circuitry itself. This condition maycontinue for a set period or until a signal is received from thetransmitter to cease the start-up mode. The transmitter performs foreignobject detection during the start-up mode. The transmitter may send thesignal once foreign object detection is completed and if no foreignobject is detected. Once the predetermined period expires, or a signalis received from the transmitter, the receiver begins charging and theload is connected to the receiver coil(s).

When the transmitter is in foreign object detection mode, the controllercontrols the converter so that it supplies the inductor with alternatingcurrent at one or more test frequencies. Typically the test frequenciesare of the same order of magnitude as (and may include) the powertransfer frequency used by the inductive power transfer system.

Upon supplying the current at the test frequency(s) the controller waitsfor a predetermined period for the current to stabilize within thetransmitter coils in foreign object detection mode. The controller mayalso wait for current to stabilize within the receiver. For example, thepredetermined period is typically approximately 50 milliseconds.

The sensor 10 a is configured to sense the average direct current intothe converter 4 (prior to DC to AC conversion). The output from thesensor is provided to the controller. The product of the average directcurrent into the DC to AC converter 4 with the power supply voltageprovides an estimate of the average real power in the transmitter coil.

The controller controls one or more sensors (e.g., the sensor 10 b) tosense the peak alternating current through the transmitter coils and thepeak voltage across the transmitter coils. In some embodiments the peakvoltage may be fixed, and therefore the known peak voltage need not besensed.

The controller combines these values into an estimate of the reactivepower. In a preferred embodiment the reactive power in the transmittercoil is estimated as

$\begin{matrix}{{P_{REACTIVE} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}I_{pk}V_{pk}}},} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} (1)}\end{matrix}$

where I_(pk) is the peak current through the transmitter coil(s) inAmperes and V_(pk) is the peak voltage across the transmitter coil inVolts. For example, the controller may be a microprocessor, an FPGA,other digital logic device or an analog discrete multiplier/integrator.

The estimated reactive power provides a close estimate of the reactivepower as the current relating to reactive power is dominant over thecurrent relating to real power through the transmitter coil where thecurrent is measured. This holds as long as little or no real power isbeing drawn by the receiver.

The real and reactive power estimates may be performed at one testfrequency or over a plurality or sweep of frequencies and combined intoa data set for further analysis. The plurality of frequencies are notlimited to the charging or operating frequency of the transmitter.

When the receiver is in a substantially no-load condition the real andreactive power of the receiver will depend on the receiver's mechanicalor material design (for example, proportionate use of ferromagneticmaterial, e.g., ferrite, metal, etc.), position (for example, distancefrom and degree of overlap with the transmitter coil), the receivercircuitry itself and the presence of any foreign object(s). As opposedto during charging, when no load is present (i.e., disconnected) thereal and reactive power are not substantially dependent on thereceiver's load.

Once the real power and the reactive power in the transmitter coil(s)are estimated the controller determines whether a foreign object ispresent. This determination can be by any suitable means, including butnot limited to: comparing estimated values to threshold values stored inelectronic storage, comparing the estimated values to calibration valuesstored in electronic storage, determining a shape of the estimatedvalues or a characteristic of the estimated values and comparing this toa threshold or expected value. While the data set may be viewed as ashape (see FIG. 2; discussed in detail later) the transmitter controllermathematically evaluates the data set to determine a characteristic ofthe data set. For example, average value and centre can be determineddirectly from the data set. Those skilled in the art will be aware thatother characteristics can be determined directly from the data set.

In an embodiment calibration values of real and reactive power for eachtransmitter coil with no load and with no foreign object present arestored in the inductive power transfer system memory and accessed by thecontroller for comparison purposes. Calibration values for real andreactive power for each transmitter coil may be stored in the electronicstorage for a plurality of frequencies. Preferably these frequenciesinclude the test frequencies. The presence of a foreign object may bedetermined by comparing the estimated real and reactive power throughthe transmitter coil(s) to the calibration values.

If a foreign object is assumed to be metal then the difference betweenthe estimate points and their respective calibration values or expectednon-foreign object values would increase with the foreign object beingintroduced. However, there are other influences that make the situationmore complex. One of these influences is the receiver ferrite. At lowreceiver loads, the ferrite may cancel out the change in reactive and/orreal power caused by foreign metal. The influence for the receiverferrite at low loads may be just as large, or larger than, that of themetal (foreign object) in between. It also means that the curve seenwhen multiple frequencies are measured is not always linear or close tolinear. Ferrite, or more generally ferromagnetic material is typicallyprovided in the receiver in association with the receiver coil(s) inorder to augment the induced magnetic field and increase the amount ofpower coupled from the transmitter coil(s).

Repeating the real and reactive power estimates over a plurality offrequencies allows the response to be more closely determined. Aspreviously stated the estimates can be combined into a data set forfurther analysis. The estimates over a plurality of frequencies may forma curve. The controller may evaluate the data set and find acharacteristic of the shape to determine whether or not a foreign objectis present. For example, the size, average value or centre of the shapeas evaluated from the data set.

Real and Reactive Power: Waveform Sampling and Processing

A transmitter may begin foreign object detection when the presence of apotential receiver is detected. A receiver may be brought into proximitywith the transmitter prior to commencing foreign object detection. Inembodiments of the invention the receiver is configured to commence acharging start-up mode when the receiver detects the presence of atransmitter and prior to being charged by the transmitter. In this modethe receiver runs in a substantially no-load condition, as the receiverkeeps the output load disconnected. In this condition there may still bethe load of the receiver controller circuitry itself. This condition maycontinue for a set period or until a signal is received from thetransmitter to cease the start-up mode. The transmitter performs foreignobject detection during the start-up mode. The transmitter may send thesignal once foreign object detection is completed and if no foreignobject is detected. Once the predetermined period expires, or a signalis received from the transmitter, the receiver begins charging and theload is connected to the receiver coil(s).

When the transmitter is in foreign object detection mode the controllercontrols the converter so that it supplies the inductor with alternatingcurrent at one or more test frequencies. Typically the test frequenciesare of the same order of magnitude as (and may include) the powertransfer frequency used by the inductive power transfer system.

Upon supplying the current at the test frequency(s) the controller waitsfor a predetermined period for the current to stabilize within thetransmitter coils in foreign object detection mode. The controller mayalso wait for current to stabilize within the receiver. Thepredetermined period is typically approximately 50 milliseconds.

The controller controls one or more sensors (e.g., the sensor 10 b) tosample the instantaneous voltage and current through the transmittercoil. The output from the sensor(s) is provided to the controller.Multiple samples of the instantaneous voltage over the transmittercoil(s) and the total instantaneous current through the transmittercoil(s) are taken for every cycle of their periodic waveforms, andstored. This process is referred to herein as “sampling the waveforms”.At least one entire period of the voltage waveform and one entire periodof the current waveform are sampled by the sensor(s). Either an integernumber of periods of the current and voltage waveforms is sampled or alarge number of periods of the voltage and current waveforms are sampledso that an integer number of periods is not essential.

To estimate the real power in the transmitter coil, the controllermultiplies the voltage and current waveforms together and the product ofthe multiplication is integrated. The real power is estimated as theresult of the integration divided by the time over which the waveformwas sampled.

To estimate the reactive power in the transmitter coil(s) the controllerfirst determines an estimate of the apparent power. The apparent poweris the product of the root mean square (RMS) values of the current andvoltage. The controller calculates the root mean square values of thesampled voltage and current waveforms. One skilled in the art willappreciate that these values are easily calculated from the sampledvoltage and current waveforms using integration or other suitabletechniques. The estimated reactive power has a Pythagorean relationshipwith the estimated apparent power and the estimated real power, as inthe following equation (with all powers in Watts):

P _(REACTIVE)=√{square root over (P _(APPARENT) ² −P _(REAL)²)}  Equation (2).

In embodiments the real and reactive power estimates are performed atone test frequency or over a plurality or sweep of frequencies andcombined into a data set for further analysis. The plurality offrequencies are not limited to the charging or operating frequency ofthe transmitter.

When the receiver is in a substantially no-load condition the real andreactive power of the receiver will depend on the receiver's mechanicalor material design (for example, proportionate use of ferromagneticmaterial, e.g., ferrite, metal, etc.), position (for example, distancefrom and degree of overlap with the transmitter coil), receivercircuitry and presence of any foreign object(s). As opposed to duringcharging, when no load is present (i.e., disconnected), the real andreactive power are not substantially dependent on the receiver's load.

Once the real power and the reactive power in the transmitter coil(s)are estimated the controller determines whether a foreign object ispresent. This determination can be by any suitable means, including butnot limited to: comparing estimated values to threshold values stored inelectronic storage, comparing the estimated values to calibration valuesstored in electronic storage, determining a shape of the estimatedvalues or a characteristic of the estimated values and comparing this toa threshold or expected value. While the data set may be viewed as ashape (see FIG. 2) the transmitter controller mathematically evaluatesthe data set to determine a characteristic of the data set. For example,average value and centre can be determined directly from the data set.Those skilled in the art will be aware that other characteristics can bedetermined directly from the data set.

In an embodiment calibration values of real and reactive power for eachtransmitter coil with no load and with no foreign object present arestored in the inductive power transfer system memory and accessed by thecontroller for comparison purposes. Calibration values for real andreactive power for each transmitter coil may be stored in the electronicstorage for a plurality of frequencies. Preferably these frequenciesinclude the test frequencies. The presence of a foreign object may bedetermined by comparing the estimated real and reactive power throughthe transmitter coil(s) to the calibration values.

If a foreign object is assumed to be metal then the difference betweenthe estimate points and their respective calibration values or expectednon-foreign object values would increase with the foreign object beingintroduced. However, there are other influences that make the situationmore complex. One of these influences is the receiver ferrite. At lowreceiver loads, the ferrite may cancel out the change in the reactiveand/or real power caused by foreign metal. The influence of the ferriteat low loads may be just as large, or larger than, that of the metal(foreign object) in between. It also means that the curve seen whenmultiple frequencies are measured is not always linear or close tolinear. Ferrite, or more generally ferromagnetic material is typicallyprovided in the receiver in association with the receiver coil(s) inorder to augment the induced magnetic field and increase the amount ofpower coupled from the transmitter coil(s).

Repeating the real and reactive power estimates over a plurality offrequencies allows the response to be more closely determined. Aspreviously stated the estimates can be combined into a data set forfurther analysis. The estimates over a plurality of frequencies may forma shape. The controller may evaluate the data set and find acharacteristic of the shape to determine whether or not a foreign objectis present. For example the size, average value or centre of the shapeas evaluated from the data set.

Real and Reactive Power: Amplitude and Phase Measurement

A transmitter may begin foreign object detection when the presence of apotential receiver is detected. A receiver may be brought into proximitywith the transmitter prior to commencing foreign object detection. Inembodiments of the invention the receiver is configured to commence astart-up mode that commences when the receiver detects the presence of atransmitter and prior to being charged by the transmitter. In this modethe receiver runs in a substantially no-load condition, as the receiverkeeps the output load disconnected. In this condition there may still bethe load of the receiver controller circuitry itself. This condition maycontinue for a set period or until a signal is received from thetransmitter to cease the start-up mode. The transmitter performs foreignobject detection during the start-up mode. The transmitter may send thesignal once foreign object detection is completed and if no foreignobject is detected. Once the predetermined period expires, or a signalis received from the transmitter, the receiver begins charging and theload is connected to the receiver coil(s).

When the transmitter is in foreign object detection mode the controllercontrols the converter so that it supplies the inductor with alternatingcurrent at one or more test frequencies. Typically the test frequenciesare of the same order of magnitude as (and may include) the powertransfer frequency used by the inductive power transfer system.

Upon supplying the current at the test frequency(s) the controller waitsfor a predetermined period for the current to stabilize within thetransmitter coils in foreign object detection mode. The controller mayalso wait for current to stabilize within the receiver. Thepredetermined period is typically approximately 50 milliseconds.

The controller controls the sensor(s) to sense the amplitudes of thevoltage and current through the transmitter coil(s) undergoing foreignobject detection. The controller further controls a (further) sensor tosense the phase difference between the voltage and current waveforms.

In a resonant system it is likely that the voltage and current waveformsthrough the transmitter coil will be substantially sinusoidal. In thiscase the real power in Watts in the transmitter coil can be estimated bythe controller as:

P _(REAL) =I _(pk) V _(pk) cos(θ)  Equation (3),

where V_(pk) is the peak voltage over the transmitter coil(s) in Volts,I_(pk) is the peak total current through the transmitter coil(s) inAmperes andθ is the phase difference between the voltage and current waveforms inradians.

The reactive power in the transmitter coil in Watts can be estimated bythe controller as:

P _(REACTIVE) =I _(pk) V _(pk) sin(θ)  Equation (4),

where the symbols are the same quantities as in the previous equation.

In practice the voltage and current waveforms may not be substantiallysinusoidal. In this case Equations (3) and (4) for real and reactivepower may require adjustment. One skilled in the art will be able tomake suitable adjustments to the given formulas to account for changesin waveforms.

In embodiments the real and reactive power estimates are performed atone test frequency or over a plurality or sweep of frequencies andcombined into a data set for further analysis. The plurality offrequencies are not limited to the charging or operating frequency ofthe transmitter.

When the receiver is in a substantially no-load condition the real andreactive power of the receiver will depend on the receiver's mechanicalor material design (for example, proportionate use of ferromagneticmaterial, e.g., ferrite, metal, etc.), position (for example, distancefrom and degree of overlap with the transmitter coil), receivercircuitry and presence of any foreign object(s). As opposed to duringcharging, when no load is present (i.e., disconnected), the real andreactive power are now not substantially dependent on the receiver'sload.

Once the real power and the reactive power in the transmitter coil(s)are estimated the controller determines whether a foreign object ispresent. This determination can be by any suitable means, including butnot limited to: comparing estimated values to threshold values stored inelectronic storage, comparing the estimated values to calibration valuesstored in electronic storage, determining a shape of the estimatedvalues or a characteristic of the estimated values and comparing this toa threshold or expected value. While the data set may be viewed as ashape (see FIG. 2) the transmitter controller mathematically evaluatesthe data set to determine a characteristic of the data set. For example,average value and centre can be determined directly from the data set.Those skilled in the art will be aware that other characteristics can bedetermined directly from the data set.

In an embodiment calibration values of real and reactive power for eachtransmitter coil with no load and with no foreign object present arestored in the inductive power transfer system memory and accessed by thecontroller for comparison purposes. Calibration values for real andreactive power for each transmitter coil may be stored in the electronicstorage for a plurality of frequencies. Preferably these frequenciesinclude the test frequencies. The presence of a foreign object may bedetermined by comparing the estimated real and reactive power throughthe transmitter coil(s) to the calibration values.

If a foreign object is assumed to be metal then the difference betweenthe estimate points and their respective calibration values or expectednon-foreign object values would increase with the foreign object beingintroduced. However, there are other influences that make the situationmore complex. One of these influences is the receiver ferrite. At lowreceiver loads, the ferrite may cancel out the change in reactive and/orreal power caused by foreign metal. The influence of the receiverferrite at low loads may be just as large, or larger than, that of themetal (foreign object) in between. It also means that the curve seenwhen multiple frequencies are measured is not always linear or close tolinear. Ferrite, or more generally ferromagnetic material is typicallyprovided in the receiver in association with the receiver coil(s) inorder to augment the induced magnetic field and increase the amount ofpower coupled from the transmitter coil(s).

Repeating the real and reactive power estimates over a plurality offrequencies allows the response to be more closely determined. Aspreviously stated the estimates can be combined into a data set forfurther analysis. The estimates over a plurality of frequencies may forma shape. The controller may evaluate the data set and find acharacteristic of the shape to determine whether or not a foreign objectis present. For example the size, average value or centre of the shapeas evaluated from the data set.

It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that there are numerousmethods that may be used to estimate the real and reactive power throughthe transmitter coil(s). The embodiments described above are notintended to limit the invention. Other methods for estimating the realand reactive power may be used.

Further, whilst the description herein relates to performing foreignobject or non-IPT receiver detection employing control circuitry of theIPT transmitter, the foreign object detection can be equally performedby control circuitry of the IPT receiver. In either case, the controlcircuitry of either or both of the IPT transmitter and receiver may beconfigured to ensure that inductive power transfer is only performed ifno foreign object is detected, or if the type or location of foreignobject detected is determined to not cause a potential problem in theinductive power transfer.

Further still, in the exemplary embodiments described the foreign objector non-IPT receiver detection is performed during a start-up orotherwise non-charging or power transfer stage of the operation of theIPT system or receiver. Those skilled in the art understand that thevarious methods described could be adapted to be performed at aparticular time or times (e.g., intermittently) during charging or powertransfer through temporary entry into a non-charging or power transferstage so as to ensure that foreign object conditions have not changessince charging or power transfer has begun. Alternatively, oradditionally, the methods described may be adapted to be performedduring charging or power transfer.

Furthermore, the different exemplary methods of foreign object ornon-receiver detection described may be performed singularly or incombination, either as a standalone foreign object detection test regimeor in conjunction with one or more other foreign object detection testsin the applicable IPT system. Such singular or expanded foreign objectdetection test regimes could be performed in IPT systems using inductivecoupling of single transmitter and receiver coils, so-called 1:1 systemsor using inductive coupling of plural transmitter and receiver coils,so-called N:N systems.

It should be noted that in this specification the words sensing andmeasuring are applied interchangeably to the sensors. These terms arenot meant to be limiting.

While the present invention has been illustrated by the description ofthe embodiments thereof, and while the embodiments have been describedin detail, it is not the intention of the Applicant to restrict or inany way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail.Additional advantages and modifications will readily appear to thoseskilled in the art. Therefore, the invention in its broader aspects isnot limited to the specific details, representative apparatus andmethod, and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly,departures may be made from such details without departure from thespirit or scope of the Applicant's general inventive concept.

1.-44. (canceled)
 45. A method for determining the presence of a foreignobject in an inductive power transfer field in which control circuitryof an inductive power system performs the steps of: providing power to adirect current to alternating current converter; providing power fromthe converter to a transmitter coil in the inductive power transferfield; waiting for the current in the transmitter coil to stabilize;estimating the reactive power in the transmitter coil; estimating thereal power in the transmitter coil; and using the estimated reactivepower and estimated real power to determine whether a foreign object ispresent.
 46. A method for determining the presence of a foreign objectin an inductive power transfer field as claimed in claim 45 furthercomprising the steps of: estimating the real power by sensing the directcurrent into the converter and combining this value with the value ofthe power supply voltage; and/or estimating the reactive power bysensing the peak alternating current through the transmitter coil.
 47. Amethod for determining the presence of a foreign object in an inductivepower transfer field as claimed in claim 46 further comprising the stepof estimating the reactive power as the sensed alternating currentthrough the transmitter coil combined with the peak voltage on thetransmitter coil.
 48. A method for determining the presence of a foreignobject in an inductive power transfer field as claimed in claim 45further comprising the steps of: sampling the instantaneous current andvoltage waveforms through the transmitter coil; multiplying the sampledinstantaneous current and voltage waveforms, integrating the product ofthe multiplication and estimating the real power as the result of theintegration divided by the time sampled; and calculating the root meansquare values of the sampled voltage and current waveforms andestimating apparent power as the product of the root mean square currentand root mean square voltage, and estimating the reactive power based onthe estimated real power and estimated apparent power.
 49. A method fordetermining the presence of a foreign object in an inductive powertransfer field as claimed in claim 45 further comprising the steps of:sensing the amplitude of the voltage through the transmitter coil,sensing the amplitude of the current through the transmitter coil, andsensing the phase difference between the voltage and current waveforms;and/or estimating the real power from the amplitude of the voltage andcurrent through the transmitter coil and the cosine of the phasedifference between the voltage and current; and/or estimating thereactive power from the amplitude of the voltage and current through thetransmitter coil and the sine of the phase difference between thevoltage and current waveforms.
 50. A method for determining the presenceof a foreign object in an inductive power transfer field as claimed inclaim 45 further comprising the step of sensing the real and reactivepowers at a plurality of frequencies.
 51. A method for determining thepresence of a foreign object in an inductive power transfer field asclaimed in claim 50 further comprising the steps of combining theestimates into a data set and determining at least one characteristic ofthe data set.
 52. A method for determining the presence of a foreignobject in an inductive power transfer field as claimed in claim 51,wherein the characteristic is one of centre, size or average value. 53.A method for determining the presence of a foreign object in aninductive power transfer field as claimed in claim 51 further comprisingthe step of classifying whether the measurement relates to a foreignobject depending on the data set.
 54. A method for determining thepresence of a foreign object in an inductive power transfer field asclaimed in claim 45, further comprising the steps of: storingcalibration values of real and reactive power for each transmitter coilwhen no receiver is present and no foreign object is present; and/orstoring calibration values of real and reactive power for eachtransmitter coil at a plurality of frequencies; and/or comparing theestimated real and reactive power to the calibration values.
 55. Amethod for determining the presence of a foreign object in an inductivepower transfer field as claimed in claim 45 further comprising the stepof bringing a receiver into proximity with the inductive power transferfield prior to the step of providing power to a transmitter coil.
 56. Amethod for determining the presence of a foreign object in an inductivepower transfer field as claimed in claim 55 wherein the receiver isadapted to run a start-up sequence in which no current is drawn for apredetermined period or until a signal is sent from the transmitter. 57.A method for determining the presence of a foreign object in aninductive power transfer field as claimed in claim 55 further comprisingthe step of waiting for the receiver current and/or voltage to reach asteady state prior to estimating the real and reactive power.
 58. Amethod for determining the presence of a foreign object in an inductivepower transfer field as claimed in claim 56 further comprising the stepof estimating the real and reactive power when the receiver is drawingsubstantially no current.
 59. An inductive power transfer deviceconfigured to execute the method of claim 45.